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Arwa al-Sulayhi
Arwa al-Sulayhi ((アラビア語:أروى بنت أحمد بن محمد بن جعفر بن موسى الصليحي الإسماعيلية) ''Arwá bint Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn Jaʿfar ibn Mūsá ṣ-Ṣulayḥī al-Ismā'īliyyah'', c. 1048–1138, died 22nd Shaban, 532 AH) was the long-reigning ruler of Yemen, firstly through her first two husbands and then as sole ruler, from 1067 until her death in 1138. She was the greatest of the rulers of the Sulayhid Dynasty and was also the first woman to be accorded the prestigious title of ''hujja'' in the Isma'ili branch of Shia Islam, signifying her as the closest living image of God's will in her lifetime. She is popularly referred to as ''as-Sayyidah al-Ḥurrah'' "the Noble Lady" (), ''al-Malika al-Hurra'' "the Noble Queen" ( ''al-Ḥurrātu l-Malikah'') and the Little Queen of Sheba ( ''Malikah Sabā' aṣ-Ṣaghīrah'').
==Early life==
Arwa was born in 440 Hijri, 1048 in Haraz, which was the heartland of Isma'ilism in Yemen. She was the niece of the then ruler of Yemen, Ali al-Sulayhi. Orphaned at a young age, she was brought up in the palace at Sana'a under the tutorship of her aunt, the formidable Asma bint Shihab, her mother in Law, co-ruler with, and wife of, Ali bin Muhammad. In 1066, at the age of 17, Arwa married her cousin Ahmad al-Mukarram bin Ali (bin Muhammad As Sulaihi), with the city of Aden as her mahr, and Queen Asma bint Shahab became her mother-in-law. Arwa assisted her mother-in-law and her husband after death of Ali al-Sulayhi. She had four children, Muhammed, Ali, Fatimah and Umm Hamdan.
Arwa is said by the chroniclers of her time to be brave, devout and have an independent character. She was also seen as highly intelligent and well learned, having a great memory for poems, stories and historical events. She was very knowledgeable in the sciences of the Quran and the hadith. The chroniclers also mention her as being extremely beautiful.
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